Heat Engines

Heat engines differ considerably from one another but all can be characterized by following step:
1. They receive heat from high temperature source solar
2. They convert part of this heat to work(ussually in a form)
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low temperature sink(the river/atmosphere)
4. They operate in a cycle

Heat engine and other cyclic devices ussually involve a fluid to and from heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle. this fluid is called the working fluid.

Acura TSX 2009

The Acura TSX is completely redesigned for 2009. Major changes include a larger size for enhanced interior room, revised exterior styling and new technology-oriented features.
Acura’s flagship sedan, has more aggressive styling this year and a more powerful engine:
a 300-horsepower, 3.7-liter V-6 that develops 271 foot-pounds of torque. The new RL has a roomier back seat than its predecessor did, and suspension and tires are upgraded.
The 2009 Acura TSX is a compact entry level luxury sedan available in one well loaded trim level.

Career in Engineering Consultancy

When we talk about a career in Engineering Consultancy, it can be can be a challenging experience, Being a great consultant requires good communication skill, Managerial skills are essential as each job will require appointing teams to work on the project and managing contractors. Some projects for example could involve designing, testing and constructing a geothermal power plant.

Lapping

Lapping is an abrading process used to remove minute amounts of metal from a surface that must be flat accurate to sizee and smooth. lapping may be performed for any of following reasons:

1. To increase the wear life of a part

2. To improve accuracy and surface finish

3. To improve surface flatness

4. To provide better seals and eliminate theneed for gaskets

Lapping maybe performed by hand or machine, depending on nature of the job. Lapping is intended to remove only about 0,0005 in or 0,01 mm of material.

Types of laps
Laps may be used to finis flat surfaces holes or the out side of cylinder in each case the lap material must be softer than workpiece.

Broaching

Broaching is a process in which a special tapered multi toched cutter is forced trough an opening or along the outside of a piece of work to enlarge or change the shape or the hole to form the outside to a desired shape.
Broaching was first used for producing internal shapes, such as keyways, splines and other odd internal shapes. Its application has been extended to enterior surfaces, such as the flat face on automotive engine blocks and cylinder head.

Broaching has many advantage and an extremly wide range of applications:
1. Machining almost any irregular shape is possible providing it is parrarel to the broach axis
2. It is rapid (not rapidshare ;) ) the entire machining process is ussually completed in one pass
3. Roughing and finishing cuts are genearlly combined in the same operatin.
4. A variety of forms, either internal, external may be cut simultaneously and the entire width of a surface may be machined in one pass, thus eliminating the need for a machining operation.

Hand reamers

A hand reamer is a tool used to finis drilled holes accurately and provide a good finish. Reaming is gennerally performed by a machine, but there are times when a hand reamer must be used to fnish a hole, Hand reamers when use properly, will produce hole accurate to size, shape, and finish.

Type of hand reamers

The solid hand reamers
This may be made by a carbon steel. These straight reamers are available in inch sizes from .125 to .1500 in.
For easy starting, the cutting end of the reamer is ground to a slight tapper for a distance equal to the diameter of the reamer.

Tapper reamers
This reamers are made to standar tappers and are use to finish tapered hole accurately and smoothly

Adjustable hand reamers
Has tappered slots along the entire length of the body. the inner edges of the cutting blades have a corresponding tappers so thatblades remaining parrarel for any setting.

Expansion head reamer
This reamers designed to permit an adjustment of approx .006 in or 0,15 mm above the nominal diameter. the reamers is made hollow and has slot along the length of the cutting section.

Finishing taper reamers
Is used after the roughing reamers to finish the hole smoothly and to size. this reamers which has either straight or left hand spiral flutes is designed to remove only small amount of metal from the hole.
Since taper reamers do not clear them self readily, they should be removed frequently from the hole and the chips cleared from their flutes

Drilling

If you find a broken tap is made of carbon steel, it may be possible to drill it out, follow this step;

1. Heat the broken tap to a bright red color and allow it to cool slowly.
2. Center punch the tap as close to the center as possible
3. Using a drill considerably smaller then the distance beetween opposite flutes, proceed carefully to drill a hole trough the broken tap.
4. Enlarge this hole to remove as much of metal beetwen the flutes as possible.
5. Collapse the remaining part with a punch and remove the pieces.

Tap extractor

The tap extractor is a tool that has four finger that slip into the flutes of a broken tap. its adjustable in order to support the finger close to the broken tap. even when the broken end is below the surface of the work, a wrench is fitted to the extractor and turned counter clockwise to remove a right hand. tap extractor are made to fitt all size of taps.

Note:Do not Force the extractor because this will damage the finger. it may be necesssary to turn the wrench back and forth carefully to free the tapsufficiently to back it out

Scrapers

When a truer surface is required than can be produced by machining. The surfae may be finished by scrapping, however. this is a long and tedious process. Most bearing surfaces(flat and curved) are now finished by grinding,honing aand broanching.
Scrapping is a process of removing small amounts of metal from specific area to produce an accurate bearing surface. it use to produce an accurate bearing surface.
Scrapper are made in various shapes, depending on the surface to be scraped.

Filling practise

Filling is an important hand operation and one that can be masterd only trough patience and practise. The following points should be observed when cross-filling:

1. Never use a file without a handle! this is very dangerous practice. serious hand injury may occur.
2.Fasten the work to be filled at about elbow height, in a vise
3. To produce a flat surface. hold the rigght forearm, and theleft hand in a horizontal plang. Push thefile accross the work face in a straight.
4. Neverrub thefingers or hand across a surfacebeing filled. Grease or oil from the hand causes thefile to slide over instead of cutting the work.
5. Keep the file clean by using a file card frequently.

Care of files

A file is a hand cutting tool made of high carbon steel, having a series of teeth cut on its body by parrarel chisel cuts.
Because files are relatively inexpensive hand tools, they are often abused, proper care, selection and use are most important if good result are to be obtained with files.
The following points should be observed in care of files:
1. Do not store fie where they will rub together, hang or sort them separately
2.Do not Knock a file on a vise or other metallic object to clean it. always use a file card or brush for this purpose
3.Never use a file as a pry or a hammer
4.Apply pressure only on the forward stroke when filling. pressure on the return will dull the file.

Pliers

Pliers are usefull for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operation or when assembling parts. pliers are made in many type and sizes.
The following types of pliers are commonly used in a machine shop

Side cutting pliers
Used to cutting,gripping and bending of small diameter rod or wire.

Combination or slip joint pliers
They may be used to grip certain work when small holes must be drilled or for bending thin materials.
Diagonal cutters
Used solely for cutting wire and small piecess of small metal

Needle nose pliers
Available in both straight and bent nose types. they are usefull for holding very small part,positioning them in "hard to get at places"

Tips when using pliers
1. Always keep pliers clean and lubricated
2. Never use a plier instead of a wrench
3.Never attempt to cut large dameter material with pliers. this may cause jaw to sistot or the handle to break.

Hand Hacksaw

The pistol grip hand hacksaw is composed of three main parts: the frame, the handle, and the blade. the frame can be either solid or adjustable. The solid frame is more rigid.
A wing nut at the back of the frame provides adjustement for blade tensioning.

Hacksaw blades are made of high-speed molybdnum or tungsten-alloy steel that has been hardened and tempered. there are two types:the solid one ao all hard, blade and flexible blade. Only the teeth of the flexible blade are hardened. while the back of the blade is soft and flexible.
Altough this type of blade will stand more abuse then all-hard blade, it will not last as long in general use.

To use the hand hacksaw check this first;
1. Makesure that the blade is of the proper pitch for the job and that the teeth point away from the handle.
2.Adjust the blade tension so that theblade cannot flex or bend.
3. Mount the stock in the vise so that the cut will be about .250in (6mm) from the vise jaws.
4.Grasp the hacksaw. assume a comfortable stance standing erect with the left foot slightly ahead of the right foot.
5.Start the saw cut outside and parrarel to a previously scribed line

Wrenches

Many types of wrenches are used in machine shop work, each suited for a specific purpose. the name of wrench is derived from it use,shape or construction the following types of wrenches used in a machine shop

OPEN END WRENCHES
The opening of this wrenches are ussually offset at a 15 degree angle to permit turning the nut or Bolt head.

Box END 12 point wrenches
Completely surround the nut and are usefull in close quarters where only a small rotation of the nut can be obtained at one time

SOCKET RENCHES
This simmilar to box wrenches, because they are ussually made with 12 points and surround the nut. its also avail in metric and inc size.

ADjustable WRENCHES
May be adjusted to within a certain range to fit several size of bolt head.
Unfortunately this type of wrench can slip when not properly adjusted this may result injury for the op and damage to the corner of the nut.

PIN SPANNER WRENCHES
A Special wrenchess generally supplyied by machine tool manufacturer for use on the specific machines. they are supplied in various types.

Screew drivers

Screewdriver are manufactured in a variety of shapes, types and sizes. The most Common types used in a machine shop are the standar or flat blade and thephillip screewdriver. both type are manufactured in various sizes and styles. such a standar shank and offset.

Phillips screew driver have a +- shaped tip for use with phillip-type recessed screw heads. these screewdriver are manufactured in four sized. care must be taken to use the proper size. Too small screewdriver will damage both the tip and will reccess in the screw head.

How to Care a Screewdrivers
1. Do NOT Use the correct screewdriver as a chisel or widge
2.When the tip of a standar screewdriver becomes worn or broken it shoul be redressed to a shape
3. ALWAYS choose the correct size of screew driver.

Welcome to neocasava

Welcome to neocasava